3^rd International Conference on Enzymology and Molecular Biology March 05-06, 2018 London, UK

Molecular enzymology is designing and synthesis of enzymes and high unmet medical needs are based on innovative drug targets. The work of designing and synthesis of enzymes and high unmet medical need are based on innovative drug targets.

Molecular Enzymology's interest include in all aspects related to enzymes like discovery of enzymes, enzyme structure, enzyme mechanisms, cellular and metabolic functions of enzymes, exploitation of enzymes for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications, drug discovery, biochemical aspects of enzymes, bioinformatics, computational analysis, molecular modelling studies, new methods in enzyme expression and purification, bio catalysis, bio molecular engineering, enzyme kinetics and inhibitors.

Enzymes are proteins processing cellular metabolism. They can affect a reaction by catalysing and they can be used to reverse the reaction in bio-chemical pathways. Though enzymes have complex enzyme structure they undergo many changes which is very important for reactions and so enzyme structure is very important. There is a specific enzyme for specific reaction.

Enzymes structures are made up of α amino acids which are linked together via amide (peptide) bonds in a linear chain. This is the primary structure. The resulting amino acid chain is called a polypeptide or protein. The specific order of amino acids in the protein is encoded by the DNA sequence of the corresponding gene.

Enzymes are the extremely selective biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. Therapeutic enzymes are those enzymes which can be used medically either isolately or adjunctly with other therapies with the purpose of treatment of various diseases safely. Use of these enzymes as drugs for the treatment of medical problems forms the basis for “Therapeutic use of enzymes”. Enzyme supplements are often prescribed for patience suffering from disorders that affect the digestive processes such as Cysic fibrosis, Gaucher'"s disease and celiac disease. Enzymes have the ability to purify the blood,stenghen the immune system, enhance the mental capacity, cleanse the colon and maintain the proper pH balance in urine. Enzyme immobilization  is another broad field which is applied in therapeutics. Immobilization process is to optimize the operational perforformance of an enzyme for industrial application. Immobilization improves many properties of  enzymes such as performance in organic solvents, pH tolerance, selectivity, heat stability and functional stability.

Cell signalling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cell and coordinates all cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Errors in signalling interactions and cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer autoimmunity and diabetes.Cells have proteins called receptors that bind to signalling molecule and initiate a physiological response. Receptors transform external signals into internal ones via protein action, ion channel opening or enzyme activation.

 The nanomaterials possess ideal characteristics to equilibrate principal factors which determine biocatalysts efficiency, including specific surface area, mass transfer resistance and effective enzyme loading. This review presents the current scenario and techniques in enzyme immobilization. Some methods are used which are efficient to combine proteins/enzymes with nanoparticles. Immobilization process is to optimize the operational performance of an enzyme for industrial applications. So far different matrices have been described in the literature to improve the performance of the immobilized enzymes. With the advent of nanotechnology, the nanomaterials because of their unique physico-chemical properties constitute novel and interesting matrices for enzyme immobilization. 

Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate or velocity of physiologic reactions. Each and every reaction in our body takes place with the help of an enzyme. In general, most enzymes are present in cells at much higher concentrations than in plasma. Measurement of their levels in plasma indicates whether their tissue of origin is damaged leading to the release of intracellular components into the blood. This forms the basis of clinical enzymology. Thus clinical enzymology refers to measurement of enzyme activity for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or an agonist might inhibit the enzyme.

Recombinant DNA technology involves joining together of DNA molecules to produce some new genetic combinations by inserting it into a host organism. Now a days Scientists are carrying out many novel researches in the field of recombinant DNA technology to bring revolution in the field of genetic engineering of crops, animals and medicine.

Enzymes are the proteins in the drug design that act as drug targets for the diseases in the process of drug discovery and development. There are number of drug targets involved in the designing of the drug.

Drug target as a nucleic acid or a protein (e.g. an enzyme, a receptor) whose activity can be modified by a drug. The drug can be a small-molecular-weight chemical compound or a biological, such as an antibody or a recombinant protein. The drug target should have been shown to be effective/mechanistically involved in the disease by relevant in vitro or in vivo models.

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological metabolic pathways of cells. The term proteomics was first coined in 1997 to make an analogy with genomics, the study of the genome. The word proteome is a portmanteau of protein and genome. The proteome is the entire set of proteins, produced or modified by an organism or system.

Chemical, physical and structural aspects of each molecule add to their funtional activity in the cell. These chemical interactions, binding activity, binding energy, other physical variables which contribute to the biophysics of a biomolecule.Structural biology deals with strategical engagement of each molecule with another interms of their binding and structural integrity. Chemical reactions associated with each them acts as basis for the biochemistry of that molecule.Especially biochemistry of protein which is involved in day today metabolism of human body.

Molecular simulations and modelling are changing the science of enzymology. Calculations can provide detailed, atomic-level insight into the fundamental mechanisms of biological catalysts. Computational enzymology is a rapidly developing area, and is testing theories of catalysis, challenging 'textbook' mechanisms, and identifying novel catalytic mechanisms. Increasingly, modelling is contributing directly to experimental studies of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Potential practical applications include interpretation of experimental data, catalyst design and drug development.

In the presence of an enzyme, the reaction runs in the same direction as it would without the enzyme, just more quickly. For example, carbonic anhydrase catalyses its reaction in either direction depending on the concentration of its reactants. The rate of a reaction is dependent on the activation energy needed to form the transition state which then decays into products. Enzymes increase reaction rates by lowering the energy of the transition state. First, binding forms a low energy enzyme-substrate complex (ES). Secondly the enzyme stabilises the transition state such that it requires less energy to achieve compared to the uncatalyzed reaction (ES‡). Finally the enzyme-product complex (EP) dissociates to release the products.

A case study is generally a documented study of a specific real-life situation or imagined scenario, used as a training tool in business schools and firms. Students or trainees are required to analyse the prescribed cases and present their interpretations or solutions, supported by the line of reasoning employed and assumptions made. The case study consists of various notes that represent the particular patient. The detail of the particular patient such as laboratory findings, Medical history, Family history, Social history, Physical examination, Treatment plan etc.